In 2025, a series of updates to dog regulations in the city comes into effect, especially regarding the leash and muzzle requirement. If you live with a dog or work in the PET industry, it’s essential to know:
- when the leash is mandatory,
- in which situations you must carry a muzzle with you,
- what the dog owner’s legal responsibilities are,
- what changes for travel and getting around the city (public transport, parks, dog areas, beaches).
This guide helps you navigate national rules, municipal ordinances, and best practices, with a focus on the 2025 updates and plenty of practical examples to avoid fines — and, above all, to ensure safety for people and animals.
Important note
Rules can vary from one municipality to another and from one service provider to another (e.g. transport companies). The information below is general in nature: if in doubt, always check local regulations or ask a professional (lawyer, local police officer, veterinary health authority).
1. General overview: what the law says about leashes and muzzles
In Italy, there is no single dog law covering every detail, but rather a combination of:
- national regulations (decrees, ministerial ordinances),
- regional regulations,
- municipal regulations,
- internal rules (condominiums, public transport, parks, commercial establishments).
In recent years, and with further clarifications in 2025, the guiding principle has become increasingly clear:
The owner (or temporary keeper) is always responsible for the dog’s behaviour and any damage it may cause, regardless of breed or size.
From this follow the obligations regarding:
- leashes in public and open-to-the-public spaces,
- muzzles to have with you (and sometimes to put on the dog) in specific situations.
2. Dog leash requirement 2025: what remains and what changes
2.1. Basic rule: leash required in public places
The core principle remains confirmed in 2025:
- in all public places (streets, squares, sidewalks, unfenced gardens, commercial areas open to the public, etc.) the dog must be kept on a leash;
- the only general exception is fenced dog areas or other expressly authorised spaces where free movement is allowed.
Many municipalities include in their ordinances an indication of a leash no longer than 1.5 metres in busy urban settings, precisely to ensure effective control of the animal.
Most common 2025 updates in municipalities
In 2025, several municipalities are introducing or strengthening:
- stricter limits on leash length in central or heavily frequented areas;
- bans on, or strong restrictions for, the use of:
- retractable (“flexi”) leashes in crowded areas,
- choke collars, spiked collars, or tools that may cause suffering (for animal welfare reasons);
- a double safety system requirement (e.g. leash + harness) for dogs classified as potentially risky or previously reported.
It is therefore essential to consult the Municipal Animal Protection Regulations of your municipality of residence and of the places you frequently visit.
2.2. When you can take the leash off
As a rule, you may let your dog off leash only:
- in fenced dog areas,
- in private spaces (gardens, courtyards, land) that are properly fenced, where the dog cannot escape and cannot cause harm or disturbance to third parties,
- in some specially designated areas by municipalities (e.g. sections of dog-friendly beaches, parks with “free dog” zones).
Even in dog areas, however, the rules of good coexistence still apply:
- the dog must remain under your visual and verbal control,
- no aggressive or poorly socialised dogs without appropriate precautions,
- respect for access conditions (e.g. dogs in heat, very young puppies, vaccinations).
3. Dog muzzle requirement: when it is truly necessary
3.1. Carrying it with you at all times: confirmed obligation
One of the least known but most important rules, also confirmed in 2025, is that:
The owner must always carry a muzzle (hard or soft) when taking the dog into a public place or a place open to the public, ready to put it on if necessary.
This does not mean the dog must always wear it, but that you need to have it available in your pocket, backpack, or attached to the leash.
The obligation to actually put it on may apply:
- at the request of the authorities (police, animal welfare officers, service staff),
- in risk situations (dog fights, frightened people, crowded places),
- based on specific rules (public transport, cable cars, shopping centres, etc.).
3.2. In which places a muzzle is often mandatory
The most common cases in which muzzle use is explicitly required:
-
Public transport
- trains, subways, buses, trams, funiculars, ferries may require a muzzle for medium and large dogs, even if they are calm;
- small dogs in carriers can often travel without a muzzle, but it depends on the operator’s rules.
-
Cable cars and ski lifts (especially in mountain tourist areas)
- many operators require a muzzle + short leash.
-
Very crowded places
- events, fairs, markets, stadiums, and some shopping centres may require a muzzle for safety reasons.
-
Veterinary healthcare facilities
- some veterinary clinics may require a muzzle for dogs showing signs of stress or aggression, for staff safety.
3.3. 2025 trends: toward “thoughtful” muzzle use
The 2025 updates on dog muzzle requirements are moving in a clear direction:
- less discrimination based on breed (no more “blacklists”),
- more focus on the individual behaviour of the dog,
- promotion of a well-fitting, non-punitive muzzle, used as a safety tool rather than a punishment.
There is also growing encouragement (in guidelines, not always in binding rules) to:
- gradually accustom the dog to the muzzle through positive reinforcement;
- prefer basket muzzles (well ventilated, allowing the dog to pant, drink, and receive small treats) over fully closed muzzles, which should only be used for very short periods.
4. Dog owner responsibility: what you risk if you break the rules
4.1. Types of responsibility
The dog owner’s responsibility can be:
- administrative: fines for violating regulations (e.g. dog off leash in the street, failure to pick up waste, not having a muzzle with you if required);
- civil: compensation for damages if the dog injures someone, frightens and causes someone to fall, breaks objects, or causes accidents;
- criminal: in the most serious cases (personal injury, failure to properly supervise dangerous animals, abuse, etc.).
In 2025, the legal approach remains consistent: the owner (or whoever is handling the dog at that moment) is required to prevent risky behaviour.
4.2. Practical examples of responsibility
-
Dog off leash in an unfenced urban park, running toward a child, frightening them and causing them to fall:
- possible administrative fine for violating the regulations;
- possible damage compensation claim by the parents.
-
Dog kept on a long leash with little supervision that suddenly crosses a bike lane, causing a cyclist to fall:
- responsibility for insufficient supervision,
- resulting civil liability and, in more serious cases, possible criminal liability.
-
Dog that bites a passer-by after being left tied outside a shop, unsupervised:
- the owner may be responsible even if not present at the time, precisely because the dog was left in a risky condition.
5. City dog rules: specific contexts where you need to be careful
5.1. Streets, sidewalks, squares
Typical rules (confirmed and often strengthened in 2025):
- dog always on a leash;
- short leash in:
- narrow passages,
- pedestrian crossings,
- near other dogs or children;
- do not block access to:
- ramps for people with disabilities,
- shop and condominium entrances,
- emergency exits.
5.2. Parks and green areas
Usually:
- dog on a leash outside fenced dog areas;
- obligation to pick up waste everywhere in the park;
- no access to certain zones (children’s play areas, protected areas, ponds with sensitive wildlife).
Many municipalities, in 2025, are updating signage to make it clearer:
- where free movement is allowed,
- dedicated dog hours (e.g. limited access in certain time slots),
- the rules for coexistence between dogs and children.
5.3. Beaches and seafronts
Rules for beaches and shorelines vary widely. In general:
- some beaches are off-limits to dogs in high season;
- others are dog-friendly but:
- require a leash on the beach,
- allow freedom in the water only during certain time slots,
- may require a muzzle for very large dogs or when it is crowded.
In 2025, many coastal municipalities are creating official lists of dog beaches, with clear rules on:
- leash,
- muzzle,
- required health documents (vaccinations, microchip).
6. Dogs while travelling: rules on public transport and getting around
6.1. Urban public transport
Every city and transport company may have its own rules, but usually:
- small dogs in a carrier:
- travel free or with a reduced fare,
- do not need a muzzle;
- medium and large dogs:
- must be on a short leash,
- often must wear a muzzle,
- require a specific ticket.
Some 2025 updates:
- more checks on the dog’s documents (microchip, sometimes vaccination certificate);
- clearer definitions of “small size” (weight or maximum carrier dimensions).
6.2. Trains, planes, ferries
-
Trains:
- small dogs in carriers generally do not need a muzzle;
- other dogs: leash + muzzle, unless otherwise specified by the company or route;
- obligation to declare the dog’s presence when booking sleeping compartments or cabins.
-
Airplanes:
- stricter rules, and off-leash travel is usually not allowed;
- dogs are generally transported in carriers (in-cabin if small, in the hold if large) according to the airline’s rules and applicable regulations.
-
Ferries and ships:
- often require leash and muzzle in common areas;
- may provide dedicated cabins for passengers travelling with pets.
In all cases, it is essential to check the official rules of the carrier before travelling.
7. How to choose and use a leash and muzzle correctly
7.1. Leash: length and type
Practical tips for the city:
- choose a leash that is:
- fixed, 1–1.5 m long,
- made of durable material (nylon, biothane, leather) with a sturdy clip;
- use a long leash (3–5 m) only in:
- uncrowded parks,
- open green areas, always making sure the dog does not invade others’ space.
Watch out for retractable leashes:
- they offer more freedom of movement but:
- are less suitable in busy areas,
- can cause accidents (invisible cord for cyclists, people tripping),
- often give a false sense of control.
7.2. Muzzle: how to prevent your dog from seeing it as a punishment
To respect your dog’s welfare:
- choose a basket muzzle:
- sturdy but comfortable,
- well ventilated,
- allowing the dog to pant, drink, and receive small treats;
- avoid muzzles that keep the mouth completely closed for long periods.
Acclimation process (summary):
- Introduce the muzzle as a neutral object, letting the dog sniff it and rewarding them.
- Let the dog put their nose into the muzzle without fastening it, rewarding every spontaneous attempt.
- Fasten the muzzle for just a few seconds, then gradually increase the time.
- Always associate the muzzle with positive experiences (walks, games, treats).
That way, the muzzle becomes a simple “safety accessory,” not a threat.
8. Operational checklist: staying compliant in 2025
Here is a practical list to check whether you are aligned with the 2025 city dog regulations on leashes and muzzles.
8.1. Dog documents and requirements
- Microchip registered and owner details kept up to date.
- Regional dog registry enrollment in order.
- Vaccinations recommended by the vet kept up to date (especially if travelling).
- Optional dog liability insurance (not always mandatory, but strongly recommended).
8.2. Leash and handling
- Leash not excessively long (1–1.5 m for the city).
- Safe attachment system (clip in good condition, harness or suitable collar).
- Long or flexible leash used only in uncrowded and safe areas.
- Constant supervision of the dog (no fixed phone in hand and the dog “forgotten” at the other end of the leash).
8.3. Muzzle
- Muzzle always carried when going out in public places.
- Size suitable for the dog (not too tight, allows the mouth to open).
- Dog gradually accustomed to wearing it, without excessive stress.
- Muzzle worn:
- at the request of authorities,
- on public transport and in places where it is expressly required,
- in situations of heavy crowding, if indicated by the regulations or if necessary for safety.
8.4. Information and updates
- Municipal Animal Protection Regulations read and understood.
- 2025 municipal updates checked (municipal website, URP, local police).
- Transport rules checked before every trip (public transport, trains, planes, ferries, cable cars).
9. How technology can help you stay compliant
Managing documents, deadlines, vaccinations, insurance, and different rules from one city or municipality to another can become complicated, especially if:
- you travel often with your dog,
- you are a dog sitter, trainer, or professional who moves around with multiple animals,
- you frequently visit dog areas, parks, and beaches in different locations.
An app like PawsPet can be useful for:
- storing your dog’s profile (registry data, microchip, ID photos);
- keeping at hand:
- vaccination deadlines,
- veterinary visits,
- any insurance policies;
- quickly noting and retrieving important information:
- cities you visit frequently,
- key municipal regulations to remember (e.g. leash restrictions, preferred dog areas);
- sharing your dog’s information with:
- dog sitters,
- family members,
- boarding facilities or kennels, so that everyone follows the same safety rules.
If you run a pet business (boarding, dog walking, training):
- you can use digital tools to:
- track dogs’ outings,
- note who is used to a muzzle and a short leash,
- flag behaviours to monitor for greater safety.
10. Practical tips for a calm life with your dog in the city
Box: 7 good habits to save money on fines and stress
- Always bring with you:
- a leash in good condition,
- a suitable muzzle,
- waste bags.
- Keep your dog on a short leash when:
- crossing the street,
- meeting other dogs,
- approaching children or elderly people.
- Do not leave your dog tied outside shops without supervision.
- Respect local signs and instructions (parks, beaches, children’s play areas).
- In crowded places, consider whether a muzzle could make everyone feel more at ease, even beyond the legal requirement.
- If you notice signs of stress or aggression, move away from the situation and, if necessary, ask for help from a dog trainer.
- If in doubt about the rules, check and ask (local police, municipality, facility operators).
Conclusion: 2025 updates, same goal: safety and respect
The 2025 updates on leashes and muzzles do not overturn the general framework, but they make it clearer on a few points:
- leash required in cities and public places, with increasingly precise guidance on length and type;
- muzzle to always carry with you and use in specific situations (public transport, crowded places, at the request of the authorities);
- central importance of the dog owner’s responsibility, regardless of breed;
- growing attention to the animal’s welfare, with the promotion of safe tools and respectful habits.
With a few precautions and a bit of organisation, it is possible to:
- protect your dog,
- avoid unpleasant situations or penalties,
- contribute to better coexistence between dogs and people in the city.
If you want to simplify the management of your dog’s documents, reminders, and important information, you can try dedicated digital tools such as the PawsPet app, so you always have everything at hand when you leave home.
FAQ on 2025 leash and muzzle regulations
Does the 2025 leash requirement also apply to small dogs?
Yes. The leash requirement in public places applies to all dogs, regardless of size or breed. A small dog can still scare someone, get in the way, or make someone trip, so it must be kept on a leash like any other dog.
Do I always have to put a muzzle on my dog in the city?
No, not always. The general rule is that you must always carry the muzzle with you, ready to use. The obligation to put it on applies in specific situations (e.g. public transport, crowded places, at the request of authorities) or according to local regulations. Always check the rules of the municipality or service you use.
What am I risking if I take my dog into a city park without a leash?
If the municipal regulations require a leash (as is almost always the case), you risk an administrative fine, the amount of which depends on the municipality. If your dog causes an accident or damage to people, other animals, or property, you may also be held civilly and, in more serious cases, criminally liable.
How can I find out the rules for dogs in a city different from mine?
Official information is usually found:
- on the municipality’s website (regulations or animal protection section),
- at the URP or the local police,
- sometimes on signs posted in parks, dog areas, and beaches.
Before travelling, especially if you are taking your dog on holiday or for work, check the local regulations and those of the transport services you will use. It can be helpful to note this information in an app so you always have it at hand when you are on the move.
